Jonas Bikorimana, Joselyne Ingabire, Aprinal Arinaitwe, Parfait Cyuzuzo,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (1-2023)
Abstract
Background and objectives: All three phases of laboratory testing are equally important for improving total quality management, but the pre-analytical phase is the most error-prone. This study aimed to determine the rate and reasons for blood sample rejection in the pre-analytical phase of laboratory testing in a referral hospital in Ruhengeri, Rwanda.
Methods: This study was a cross-sectional and retrospective study in which 222 samples with nonconformities were discovered from 19,775 clinical samples. Various data related to the rejected samples were recorded along with nonconformities.
Results: The rate of blood sample rejection was 1.045% and 1.165% for the cross-sectional and retrospective approaches, respectively. The overall blood sample rejection rate was 1.105%. The most frequent error in the cross-sectional aspect was mislabeling (38.3%), while clotting (46.4%) was the most common cause of sample rejection in the retrospective aspect.
Conclusion: Based on the results of our study, the rate of blood sample rejection is high in the study area. Thus, there should be a laboratory policy for error record keeping as well as a settlement in “laboratory sentinel events” covering the total testing process.
Gauri Metkar, Shalaka Saraf,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Abstract
Gauri Metkar 
,
Shalaka Saraf
Background: Snakebite is a potentially life-threatening emergency that can be treated effectively. Snake envenomation can cause hematologic and coagulation abnormalities. In this respect, tests such as prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are commonly used. The present study aimed to determine the value of coagulation parameters in the prognostication of snakebite patients.
Methods: This prospective descriptive observational study examined the coagulation parameters, including PT, INR, and aPTT, in consecutive cases of snake envenomation admitted to a tertiary health care hospital from October 2019 to August 2021. The correlation of coagulation parameters with each other and with prognostic indicators (ie, the number of days spent in the intensive care unit [ICU], the requirement of anti-snake venom [ASV], fresh frozen plasma [FFP], and the total number of blood products) was studied.
Results: A total of 58 patients with snakebite were studied. The majority were males (69%). The highest proportion of patients belonged to the age group of 16-40 years (60%). The correlation of coagulation parameters with each other was statistically significant. The correlation of coagulation parameters with prognostic indicators (ie, the total number of ASV vials administered, the total number of days in the ICU, the total number of FFP units administered, and the total number of blood components administered) was statistically significant.
Conclusion: Coagulation parameters (PT, INR, and aPTT) are essential laboratory investigations for treatment monitoring and can be used effectively for the prognostication of snakebite patients. In cases where the coagulation profile of snakebite patients shows abnormalities, conducting repeated coagulation studies at intervals of 12 hours can contribute to improved prognostication.
Merlin Matena, Gédéon N. Bongo, Honoré Ngbanda, Eddy B. Bakemo, Yves M. Mukaba, Jossard K. Munzumba, Justin M. Vuvu, Christel K. Kande, Jacques N. Ngayuna, Jonathan I. Kukila, Ngbolua Koto-Te-Nyiwa,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 is a viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, which enters the body via the ACE2 receptor. This study aims to evaluate the coagulation disorders of COVID-19 patients admitted to Centre Hospitalier Mère-Enfant Monkole, Kinshasa.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study of patient files was conducted between July 2020 and June 2021 at CHME-Monkole in Kinshasa. The sample size was 130 patients using a random sampling technique after interviewing the respondents. For each respondent, biological and socio-demographic data were collected on a questionnaire. The primary analyses included the determination of PT, APTT, Plasma determination of D-dimers, and platelet count. A descriptive analysis was performed for socio-demographic characteristics, while Pearson correlation was used to determine the associations between socio-demographic characteristics and different biological parameters using SPSS 25.0. For ethical reasons, informed consent from patients was sought, and confidentiality was assured. The authorization was provided by the Ethical Committee of CHME-Monkole (Ethical code: KIN/CHME/04/2020).
Results: The findings showed D-dimer levels higher than 500 µg/L in 87.7% of respondents, prolonged APTT (>40 seconds) in 43.1% of respondents, PT (<70%) in 36.9% of respondents, and thrombocytopenia (platelets <150,000) in 26.2% of respondents. A positive correlation was observed between socio-demographic characteristics and D-dimer levels.
Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 infection has a significant impact on coagulation. Thus, determining these biomarkers could predict the risk of disease severity or death in patients with COVID-19.
Ehsan Ameri, Ali Farhadi Mahali, Mojtaba Tabari,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (7-2023)
Abstract
Ehsan Ameri 1,
Ali Farhadi Mahali2 ,
Mojtaba Tabari3
Background: Improving the quality of visit services in laboratories of medical-teaching centers of universities of medical sciences plays a major role in providing better services to patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the policy of improving the quality of visit services of the reform plan in laboratories of medical-teaching centers in Golestan province.
Methods: The present research was cross-sectional and had a descriptive-analytical type. A total of 384 staff in the diagnostic laboratories were selected for the study using a simple random sampling method. The data collection tool included a 35-item researcher-made questionnaire.
Results: There was a gap between the current and desired status of the fourth axis of the health system reform plan. The gap was about -0.01, indicating that there was a gap between the current and desired status and it was related to the supervision department according to the respondents in the target statistical population.
Conclusion: The implementation of this plan was effective in improving the quality of visit services in laboratories of medical-teaching centers in Golestan province but this effectiveness did not meet the goals of the fourth axis of the reform plan. Therefore, the factors, which caused a lack of supervision among the executive departments of laboratories of medical-teaching centers in Golestan province, should be removed for increasing the effectiveness of this plan.
Temidayo Adeniyi, Akinpelu Moronkeji, Victor Ekundina,
Volume 17, Issue 5 (9-2023)
Abstract
Background: Human activities continually impact the environment negatively. Some activities are particularly linked to river pollution, and this constitutes a major problem in certain regions of Nigeria. This is a result of economic development, anthropogenic human activities, and agricultural practice that have the potential for adverse health effects. This study evaluated the effect of heavy metals acquired from the waterways on the vital organs of experimental rats.
Methods: Seventy (70) adult male Wistar rats, average weighing between 150-180g, were divided into seven groups of ten animals, each selected by simple randomization. Pooled sampled water and water containing the highest average concentration of singly and combined heavy metals noted in the waterways from three geological zones in Kwara state, Nigeria, were respectively given to the Wistar rats within the treatment groups ad libitum for 65 days. The kidney, liver, and testes were harvested and processed for paraffin embedding, and the effect of the heavy metals was histologically assessed.
Results: Histological staining revealed variable histopathological alterations in the kidney, liver, and testes of rats in the treatment groups in comparison to the control group.
Conclusion: Increased levels of heavy metals in waterways can adversely affect the organs when used for household purposes. Activities in these water bodies must be checked by regulatory agencies, and laws to discriminate against the dumping of waste in water bodies should be enforced.
Shuchismita ., Iffat Jamal , Vijayanand Choudhary ,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (1-2024)
Abstract
Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare form of plasma cell dyscrasia with 2 variants: the primary form, which occurs de novo in patients with no previous history of multiple myeloma (MM), and the secondary form, which represents a leukemic transformation in patients with a previously recognized MM. Unlike myeloma, PCL typically follows an aggressive course, and the median age at presentation is usually above 50 years. In this report, we present a case of primary PCL that manifested at 19, an exceptionally rare occurrence.
Aliehsan Karshenas, Ramak Yahya Raiat, Taghi Zahraiee Salehi, Babak Asghari, Maryam Adabi,
Volume 18, Issue 2 (3-2024)
Abstract
Background: Escherichia coli consists of a wide range of strains with huge diversity in their genome, distributed in nature and the alimentary tracts of animals and humans. This study analyzed the phylogenetic group determination and genetic diversity of E. coli strains isolated from domestic animals and human clinical samples.
Methods: Twenty E. coli isolates from domestic animals were analyzed for phylogenetic grouping. Also, 100 clinical samples and 20 animal samples were evaluated by the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus–polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) technique. The results and the similarity between the strains were determined based on the Dice similarity coefficient in the SAHN program of the NTSYS-pc software.
Results: The frequency of phylogroups among animal samples were A = 5%, B1 = 65%, B2 = 20%, and D = 10%. Based on the ERIC-PCR results, the clinical strains were allocated into 19 clusters. Most strains were in the E7 cluster. Fifty percent of the E. coli isolated from animal specimens belonged to the E4 group, and the lowest number of strains was in the E3 and E5 (1 strain) groups.
Conclusion: The results confirmed the efficiency and usefulness of the ERIC-PCR tool for the identification and classification of bacteria. Also, we demonstrated the most phylogroup among animal samples.
Toukam Michel, Voundi-Voundi Esther, Bole Bernard, Mviena Nyimbe Louise, Sahmo Simon Stevensen, Nogue Raissa, Kasia Jean Marie,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (5-2024)
Abstract
Background: Syphilis has serious consequences for human health and poses challenges for biological diagnosis. Techniques such as chemiluminescence are still poorly known in our context. Our objective was to compare chemiluminescence and hemagglutination assays with immunoblot as a reference test for detecting anti-Treponema pallidum antibodies.
Methods: Anti-Treponema pallidum antibodies were detected in serum samples. Comparison of chemiluminescence and hemagglutination assays was carried out with immunoblot as the reference test, based on sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and kappa statistic, using IBM-SPSS version 24 software. The significance level was set at 5%.
Results: A total of 600 participants were recruited, with a prevalence of syphilis infection of 3%. Sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 96.2% for chemiluminescence, and 93.8% and 100% for hemagglutination, respectively. Cohen's kappa statistic between the two tests showed satisfactory agreement (0.768). Cohen's kappa agreements between chemiluminescence/immunoblot and plate hemagglutination assay/immunoblot were greater than 0.8, indicating excellent agreement with the reference test (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: Chemiluminescence is more sensitive but less specific than hemagglutination. The use of chemiluminescence as a first-line test for the diagnosis of syphilis should be considered.
Mohammadreza Sheikh Sajjadieh , Ali Ajami , Leila Haghshenas ,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (7-2024)
Abstract
Background: Immunofluorescence and serology analysis are the most common laboratory methods for diagnosing antinuclear antibodies in autoimmune diseases and are paramount for screening and therapeutic purposes. This study aims to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of antinuclear antibodies measured by automated indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunoassay in patients at risk for autoimmune diseases.
Methods: Serum antinuclear antibodies in 3020 patients suspected of autoimmune diseases at Nobel Medical Laboratory, Esfahan, IRAN, were measured from 2017 until 2020 with automated indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immune assay methods. The sensitivity, specificity, prevalence, positive and negative predictive value, and likelihood ratio were calculated for each technique. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was analysed as a statistical method for assessing the diagnostic accuracy of these tests.
Results: The immunofluorescence method demonstrated low sensitivity and high specificity compared with the enzyme-linked immunoassay. For the automated indirect immunofluorescence method, sensitivity and specificity were 88% and 62%, respectively, whereas this number for the ELISA method was determined as 89.6% and 28.5 %, respectively.
Conclusion: It is crucial to choose a suitable method for detecting autoantibodies for diagnostic purposes. ANA analysis by a sensitive test, such as an enzyme-linked immunoassay, should be used for screening. In contrast, a highly specific test, such as an indirect immunofluorescence assay, should be used to confirm the result and monitor dynamic treatment.
Sudhanshu Subrat , Manohar Lal Prasad , Kavya Varshney , Kanika Bansal , Mayank Mahajan, Anindya Chowdhury ,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (7-2024)
Abstract
Background: Stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Various studies have examined the neuroprotective effects of magnesium and potassium ions through their effects on the glutamate receptor and the endothelium, achieved by lowering blood pressure and through their anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. The objective of our study was to determine the prognostic significance of serum magnesium and serum potassium levels in acute stroke.
Methods: An observational study was conducted at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, for 18 months on 150 adults in patients with acute stroke, enrolled within 72 hours after applying appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria. Correlations between the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at discharge and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at admission with serum levels of magnesium and potassium were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 27.0.
Results: Two groups were formed based on serum magnesium levels: <1.5 mg/dL and >1.5 mg/dL. Similarly, two groups were created based on serum potassium levels: <3.5 mEq/L and >3.5 mEq/L. A significant correlation was found, using Spearman’s coefficient test, between serum potassium and magnesium levels and the GCS score at admission, as well as the mRS score at discharge (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Lower concentrations of magnesium and potassium are associated with increased cerebral arterial contraction and greater neurological damage.
Israa Elgaily, Abdelkarim A. Abdrabo,
Volume 18, Issue 5 (9-2024)
Abstract
Background: Various analytes are used to assess glycemic control in laboratory medicine. Glucose measurements show current glucose levels, but sample stability can be influenced by diet and stress. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is the best marker for long-term control but can be affected by elevated urea levels. This study compared glycated albumin (GA) and HbA1c in diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 280 volunteers. Among these, there were 115 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 95 diabetic patients without ESRD, and 75 non-diabetic patients with ESRD. Laboratory measurements included HbA1c, GA, urea, and creatinine, assessed using standard laboratory techniques. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS statistical software.
Results: Levels of HbA1c were lower in diabetic patients with ESRD compared to diabetic patients without ESRD. In contrast, GA levels were higher in diabetics with ESRD. A significant negative association was observed between HbA1c levels and urea levels. However, creatinine levels were not associated with either HbA1c or GA.
Conclusion: The estimation of glycated hemoglobin levels can be affected by high blood urea. Therefore, GA may be a better glycemic indicator for diabetic patients with ESRD.
Qudsiya Ansari , Anisha Jain, Kailas Randad, Vinaya Singh, Akash Sarkate,
Volume 18, Issue 5 (9-2024)
Abstract
Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome (OPPG) is a rare disorder characterized by severe osteoporosis and vision impairment, due to mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene. This autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by fractures, bone fragility, and pseudoglioma with blindness in infancy. Herein, we present a rare case of OPPG syndrome in an infant who, at 80 days of life (DOL), exhibited multiple fractures without any ophthalmic findings at the time of presentation. This is relatively earlier presentation of the symptoms as fractures are more commonly seen after two years of life.
Bizav Rasheed , Beri Tawfeq,
Volume 18, Issue 6 (11-2024)
Abstract
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. The disease may also affect other parts of the body, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, nerves, and blood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of methotrexate on blood, liver, and renal parameters in patients with RA.
Methods: A six-month cross-sectional study was carried out on 60 consecutive patients aged 19-70 years diagnosed with RA on methotrexate treatment (10 mg) orally per week. A questionnaire was taken from participants, and laboratory tests were done on renal and liver function and complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT or AST), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT or ALT), Creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor (RF) as a follow-up to drug intake.
Results: At the end of sample collection, participants ranged in age from 19 to 70 years, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.5:1. Significant differences in platelet (PLT) levels were observed only between days 1 and 14 of the treatment (p <0.05). Similarly, SGPT levels showed significant variation between days 1 and 30 of the treatment (p <0.05). Additionally, RF levels exhibited significant differences between days 1 and 14 (p <0.01) and between days 1 and 30 of the treatment (p <0.04).
Conclusion: The recommended medication for all kinds of patients with RA is methotrexate, which has had a notable impact on blood, liver, and kidney parameters. These characteristics can serve as indicators for monitoring the medication’s effectiveness, safety, and patient follow-up.
Shuchismita ., Iffat Jamal , Vijayanand Choudhary ,
Volume 19, Issue 1 (1-2025)
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is characterized by pancytopenia and is usually associated with massive splenomegaly; however, the same may not be true in clinical settings. Here, we report a case of HCL without the classical clinical feature of splenomegaly. Absence of splenomegaly doesn’t exclude the diagnosis of HCL. A careful study of morphological findings on bone marrow aspirate and biopsy, followed by appropriate ancillary tests, aids in correct diagnosis. A high index of suspicion is essential for diagnosing and appropriately managing such cases. A strong suspicion on morphology in such cases is a prerequisite for reaching a correct diagnosis, even in the absence of usual clinical presentation.
Parineeta Shelke , Preeti Doshi , Amit Nisal , Abdulrahaman Momin , Ravindra Nimbargi ,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Background: Hemoglobinopathies are a group of inherited disorders characterized by abnormal hemoglobin structure or synthesis, primarily classified into thalassemia syndromes and structural hemoglobin variants. Recognized as a global health priority, these disorders necessitate accurate diagnostic approaches. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has emerged as a reliable method for their detection. This study aimed to analyze the spectrum of hemoglobinopathies using HPLC in a population from Western Maharashtra, India.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Bharati Vidyapeeth (DTU) Medical College, Pune, over three years. A total of 1,455 specimens from individuals of both genders were analyzed using the VARIANT™ II β-Thalassemia Short Program based on ion-exchange chromatography. Hematological parameters were assessed for all subjects, and the prevalence of hemoglobinopathies, along with their subtypes, was documented.
Results: The mean age of the study population was 26.91 ± 7.06 years, with a female predominance. The overall incidence of hemoglobinopathies was 8.78%, with β-thalassemia minor being the most prevalent, followed by β-thalassemia major, Hb S trait, and Hb S disease. Rare variants included two cases of Hb D Punjab heterozygosity and one case of Hb E heterozygosity. The Mentzer index exhibited a positive correlation with Hb F and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and a negative correlation with hemoglobin levels, Hb A, and red cell distribution width (RDW-C).
Conclusion: The study revealed an 8.78% prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in the region, with β-thalassemia trait (Heterozygous) being the most common. Notably, co-inheritance of Hb E with β-thalassemia exacerbated anemia severity. These findings underscore the importance of HPLC-based screening for early diagnosis and management of hemoglobinopathies in high-risk populations.
Roohollah Mohammadi Mirzaei, Hamid Malekshahi , Halimeh Vahdatpoor ,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Background: Diabetes is a metabolic and vascular disorder characterized by endothelial dysfunction. Physical activity, particularly intermittent exercise, may offer therapeutic benefits. This study examined the effects of six weeks of intermittent exercise on serum nitric oxide (NO), insulin resistance, and lipid profiles in male diabetic rats.
Methods: Sixty Wistar rats (8 weeks old, 200 ± 20 g) were divided into six groups (n=10): healthy control, sham, interval training, interval training + saline, diabetic control, and diabetic + interval training. Diabetes was induced via nicotinamide-streptozotocin injection. The exercise groups underwent treadmill training (5 sessions/week for 6 weeks). Post-intervention, glucose, insulin, NO, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and cholesterol were measured.
Results: Diabetes induction significantly increased glucose and insulin resistance while reducing insulin and NO levels compared to controls (P < 0.001). After six weeks, the diabetic + exercise group showed significant reductions in glucose and insulin resistance (P < 0.001) and increased NO levels (P < 0.001) versus the diabetic group. Insulin levels did not differ significantly among the groups (P = 0.11). Lipid profiles (LDL, HDL, triglycerides, cholesterol) remained unchanged (P > 0.05).
Conclusion: Six weeks of intermittent exercise improved glucose metabolism and vascular function in the diabetic rats by reducing insulin resistance and increasing NO levels, suggesting its potential as a non-pharmacological therapy for diabetes-related endothelial dysfunction.
Saif Karim, Mahdi Zahedi , Zeinab Mohammadi , Nahid Poursharifi , Mehdi Khorami , Mohsen Tatar ,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (3-2025)
Abstract
Background: Smoking is recognized as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), yet its influence on blood levels of homocysteine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 is not well understood. This study aimed to explore how smoking affects these biochemical markers in patients with CVD.
Methods: The study included 88 participants diagnosed with CVD, who were categorized into smokers (n=44) and non-smokers (n=44). Serum concentrations of homocysteine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 were assessed using ELISA. Additionally, blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) and body mass index (BMI) were recorded.
Results: Smokers showed significantly lower levels of folic acid (22.41 ± 5.95 ng/mL) compared to non-smokers (28.05 ± 4.13 ng/mL, p = 0.000). No significant differences were observed in homocysteine (p = 0.958) or vitamin B12 (p = 0.578) levels between the two groups. A negative correlation was found between folic acid and systolic blood pressure in smokers, while no significant associations were noted among folic acid, vitamin B12, and homocysteine.
Conclusion: In patients with CVD, smoking is linked to significantly lower folic acid levels, which may lead to increased systolic blood pressure. These results underscore the need to monitor folic acid levels in smokers who are at risk for cardiovascular issues.
Atere Adedeji David , Ehuine Elizabeth Efe , Kosamat Yekeen Adebisi , Ige Ilesanmi Paul ,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (7-2025)
Abstract
Background: Menopause, characterized by the cessation of menstrual periods, often leads to bone diseases due to hormonal changes, particularly affecting calcium metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate bone-associated biomarkers and their correlation with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in postmenopausal women, shedding light on potential osteoporosis risks.
Methods: Sixty postmenopausal (PMP) women, along with 20 premenopausal (PRM) and 20 reproductive-age (RWA) women as controls, were included in this cross-sectional study. Blood samples were analyzed for PTH, vitamin D, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and estradiol levels.
Results: Statistical analysis revealed significantly higher levels of ALP and phosphorus, and lower levels of calcium, PTH, vitamin D, uric acid, and estradiol in PMP and PRM groups compared to RWA (p <0.05). Moreover, PTH had a significant negative correlation with ALP, and phosphorus; however, it had a positive correlation with calcium, vitamin D, and estradiol in PMP women. ALP demonstrated a superior area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) compared to other bone-associated markers.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the reduced bone-associated biomarker levels in postmenopausal women, potentially increasing the risk of bone loss and osteoporosis.
Karthiga Vj , Arthy Raman , Subhashini Ramamoorthi , Debasis Gochhait , Sreerekha Jinkala ,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (7-2025)
Abstract
Background: Conventional Tissue Processing (CTP) is the gold standard method for tissue processing; however, the method is relatively time-consuming. Microwave Tissue Processing (MTP) reduces the turnaround time and gives comparable histomorphology to CTP. The objective was to compare the Laboratory-grade Microwave Processing (LMP) and Domestic Microwave tissue Processing (DMP) with CTP in terms of histomorphology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining.
Methods: Three tissue bits from 89 formalin-fixed resection specimens received in the histopathology laboratory were processed by CTP, LMP, and DMP processing methods. The specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 hours. The sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) stain. In subgroup analysis, IHC was done on 17 relevant cases using two antibodies, Ki67 (Nuclear) and Pancytokeratin (Membranous and cytoplasmic). Parameters such as the clarity of section, cytoplasmic details, nuclear details, color intensity, and interface of epithelium and connective tissue were studied. Parameters like color intensity, localization of antigen, background staining, and crispness of staining were studied on IHC. The results were analyzed using Kappa statistics.
Results: There was a fair to moderate agreement between CTP and LMP. There was a slight to fair agreement between CTP to DMP and LMP to DMP.
Conclusion: Microwave tissue processing reduced the turnaround time. The overall quality of LMP tissue was better than DMP and was equally good as that of CTP.
Seyed Sadegh Baniaghil , Fardin Balochi , Ereste Kazzak ,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (7-2025)
Abstract
Background: One of the major complications in thalassemia patients is alloimmunization, which occurs when the patient produces antibodies against transfused Red Blood Cells (RBCs). In the present study, the frequency of alloantibodies was investigated in patients with thalassemia major.
Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study was performed on 99 multi-transfused patients with thalassemia major. An antibody screening test was carried out using a three-cell panel. Positive patients were followed up for antibody identification using an 11-cell panel. The information was finally analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0.
Results: Out of ninety-nine cases, 53 were female (53.53 %) and 46 were male (46.46 %). The patient’s mean age was 29.22±10.46 years with an age range of 2 to 61 years. Only 5.05% (n=5) had developed alloantibodies. The most common alloantibodies were anti-D, anti-E, anti-c, and anti-K. No significant correlation was seen between the presence of alloantibody and age, sex, blood type, and spleen condition.
Conclusion: Antibody production against RBC antigens is a common problem in multi-transfused thalassemia patients. Compatibility between antigens of the Kell and Rh blood group systems in donors and recipients can be one of the useful ways to prevent alloimmunization of blood recipients and the formation of unexpected antibodies against the donor’s red blood cells.
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