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Abstract Background & Objective: Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is the major component of the human plasma alpha-1 globulin proteins and acts as a major inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes, particularly elastase. AAT deficiency is accompanied by lung, liver and other disorders, therefore, AAT is clinically important and its precise evaluation is diagnostically critical. In present study serum AAT was evaluated by three Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis (CAE), Trypsin Inhibitory Capacity (TIC) and Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) methods and results wene compared. Materials and methods: AAT evaluation was carried out, by CAE, SRID and TIC Methods, on 318 normal sera obtained from volunteer students of Tehran Universities. Results:The results indicated: 34, 84 and 112 samples by TIC, SRID and CAE methods (with reference ranges of 2.1-3.5 mol/min/ml, 126- 226 mg/dl and 2-4.5% respectively) were abnormal 201samples by CAE and TIC were normal and 29 abnomal, 83 sera were normal by TIC and abnormal by CAE five of them were abnormal by TIC and normal by CAE 227 of the samples were normal and 29 abnormal(TIC and SRID) 57 were normal by TIC and abnormal by SRID and seven samples were abnormal by TIC and normal by SRID. Conclusion: Although CAE and alpha-1 globulin band determination are routine in clinical laboratory, they are not reliable in evaluating AAT. SRID sensitivity is more Than CAE and less Than TIC therefore, TIC is recommended as a precise and reliable method for serum AAT evaluation. Key Words: Alpha-1-antitrypsin, Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis, Single Radial Immunodiffusion, Trypsin Inhibitory Capacity

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Abstract Background and objectives: Dematophytosis, which is one of the most common human infections , is a communicable disease mainly transmitted by human. Lifting and wrestling gyms and Swimming pools have high potential to transfer this infection therefore, we decided to perform this descriptive study. Materials and methods: 1030 Samples taken from different parts of lifting and wrestling gyms and swimming pools were cultured in dermatophytic medium(mycobiotic agar) incubated to a temperature of 30 degrees centigrade and with macroscopic and microscopic character dermatophytes spp were established. Results: of 300 samples taken from wrestling gyms, four Epidermophyton floocosum and of 700 Samples taken from Swimming pools four Epidermophyton floocosum and one Trichophyton Verrucosum were isolated but all Samples of weight lifting gyms were negative. Conclusion: Epidermophyton, which is the most Common Dermatophyte Isolated from sport gyms, is the main cause of skin infections There fore, by preventing infected persons from using these public places and considering the hygienic points can reduce dermatophytosis. Key word: Pool, Sport gyms, Kermanshah, Dermatophytes Journal

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Abstract Background and objectives: Poor oral hygiene in elderly people increases the colonization of opportunistic pathogens such as Candida and Staphylococci. The presence of yeasts and bacteria in the oral cavity of elderly people can be harmful and in certain conditions may cause oral and systemic infections. The general purpose of this study was to determine the oral health status, particularly the prevalence of Candida and Staphylococcus species in the oral cavity of elderly people in Yazd. Materials and methods: Oral Saliva was aseptically collected from seventytwo elderly individuals and cultured on selective fungal and bacterial media. The density of isolated microorganisms Such as Candida and Staphylococcus species was determined base on colony forming units (CFU) and identified through the biochemical and microbiological tests. Results: Fifty- eight percent of Candida species isolated from 50 (69.4%) of the subjects were Candida albicans .70.8 percentage of Staphylococcus species isolated from 65 (90.3%) of elderly are Coagulase negative. The Candida colonization in denture users is significantly higher than the elderly without denture (p= 0.001). C. albicans and the Coagulase negative staphylococcus are the most prevalent microorganisms isolated from elderly oral cavity in this study. Conclusion: The elderly have a higher risk of opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections. Their oral health care should be improved to protect them from opportunistic infections. Key words: Elderly, Candida, Staphylococcus, oral cavity, Yazd

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Abstract Background and objectives: Influenza virus is the sixth cause of death in the world. We cannot differentiate it from other respiratory viruses upon clinical signs alone. This study was aimed at determining the frequency of influenza A&B antigen in pharyngeal secretion of children with upper Respiratory Infection (URI). Materials and methods: This cross sectional -descriptive study was done in pediatrics clinic of Rasoul hospital and Shahid Heidari clinic, Tehran (2006-2007). We studied the immunochromatography 149 children aged less than 14 years with URI. Rapid test was performed on pharyngeal samples of all cases. We used independent T test to compare the means of variables. (CI 95%, p<0.05). Results: The Signs of the studied children are fever (58.4%), sore throat (60.4%), coughing, runny nose and hoarseness (45%) and gastric signs (<20%) while in Influenza cases, they are 86.7%, 40% and 40% respectively. Fifteen (10.1%) of the subjects have positive rapid influenza test. The average age of the influenza case is 80 months, which is not significantly different from non-influenza cases. While no under one-year-old child has Positive influenza test, by increasing age the number of positive test is increased. As the frequency in children, aged over 10 is increased to 15.4%. There is significant difference between positive influenza test and signs such as fever, sore throat and previous antibiotic usage (p<0.5). Conclusion: Although this study was not done in epidemic period for influenza, it indicated Influenza as the etiology of 10.6% of URI. Since the cost for prevention and treatment of influenza is high and drug resistance is problematic, we can decrease the URI in non-epidemic period by mass vaccination in children, at least in high-risk cases. Key words: URI (upper respiratory infection), Influenza virus, rapid Immunochromatography Influenza test, Influenza vaccine.

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Abstract Background and objectives: Human T-Lymphocyte Virus-1 (HTLV- 1) is known as the etiologic factor of acute T-Lymphocytic Leukemia (ATL) and tropical spastic paralysis. (TSP). Endemic factors causing infection with Human T Lymphocyte Virus-1 (HTLV-1) is based on environmental, socio-economical and health behaviors of the individuals. This virus is well distributed in families with involved members. Golestan province is located in North West part of Northern Khorasan province that had already been known as an endemic area for HTLV-1. This virus is also known as the main etiologic factor for cancers and ATL, therefore we studied the prevalence of HTLV-1 seroepidemiology in Golestan province. Material and Methods: The subjects selected by cluster sampling were 2034 healthy cases residing in different parts of Golestan province. ELISA method using Dia- pro anti HTLV-1 antibody kits was applied for serological assessment. Western Blot (HTLV BLOT 2.4) was used for confirmation purposes. Results: The subjects aged 38.66±16.54 were 2034 healthy persons. Forty-one point seven of these cases were males and the rest females. Based on ELISA method there were15 HTLV-1 positive cases (0.7%). -1. (0.7%) Six out of 15 were confirmed by western blot method (95%, CI: 0.06-0.53%). The highest prevalence sigllificant) aiology is in the highat rate in 31-40 year old gro0.7%). onclusion: This study shows that HTLV-1 is prevalent in Golestan the same as the other parts of the world. There fere: we urse on performing screening test (HTLV-) on donated blood components before delivering (OK labeling). Key words: HTLV-1, Seroepidemiology, ELISA, Western Blot, Golestan ATL(Acute T lymphocytic Leukemia) Six cases out of 15 were confirmed by western blot method (95%, CI: 0.06-0.53%). The highest prevalence was 2.6% seen in Kalaleh city (east part of the province) [95%, Cl: 0.06-0.53%). There was significant difference between the prevalence of HTLV-1 and the dwelling place. (p=002). HTLV-1 seroepidemiology was in the highest rate in 31-40 year old group (0.7%). Conclusion: This study shows that HTLV-1 is prevalent in Golestan province, the same as the other parts of the world. Therefore, we recommend performing screening test (HTLV-) on donated blood components before delivering (OK labeling). Key words: HTLV-1, Seroepidemiology, ELISA, Western Blot, Golestan province, ATL (Acute T lymphocytic Leukemia)

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Abstract Background and objectives: Germ tube-producing ability of C.albicans in human serum is one of the most important virulent factors inducing transformation yeast to mycelia form. This phenomenon can be altered by some environmental and nutritional factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature, pH and glucose concentrations in germ tube formation of C. albicans in an in vitro system. Material and Methods: The germ tube production test in human serum (with normal glucose titer) in different temperature, pH, and glucose concentrations was conducted invitro using standard strain of C. albicans (ATCC 10231). The average number of cells with germ tube after 2 hours and the rate of yeastmycelial transition were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. Results: Maximum germ tube production rate is seen in temperature of 37°C, pH of 6.5 and glucose concentration of 30 mg/ml (P= 0.0001) and also germ tube is seen in earliest time in these conditions in invitro. Conclusion: It seems that these environmental and nutritional factors in human body particularly in diabetics can make this fungus to produce germ tube and invade to the different tissues. Key words: Candida Albicans, germ tube, in vitro, Temperature, pH, Glucose

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Abstract Background and objectives: Today, specialists who are responsible for controlling infection in hospital use different disinfectants for instrument used in hospital to prevent from transmitting infection. The spectrum of antimicrobial effect, the condition of exploiting, the time of efficiency, the effect on environment, the destructive effect on metal and plastic materials etc. are different therefore, we did this study to determine the antimicrobial effect of five disinfectants on those special resistant bacterial strains. Material and Methods: In the current study the antimicrobial effects of five disinfectant solutions including Nanocide, Anizosin, Sulfanidis, Micros 10, and Colloid on hospital resistant strains by concentrations of 0.5 and 1 McFarland Were examined and evaluated. The concentration of disinfectants was prepared according to proposed protocol by manufacturing company. The time of contact with bacteria was defined in three times (the proposed time by company, less and more than porposed time by company). Results: Nanocide haven't shown any inhibitory effect on resistant strains in none of the three times but Colloid indicates its effect only in more than proposed time. Anizosin in all three times have inhibitory effect on S.aureus in concentration 0.5 and 1 McFarland. Sulfanidis and Micros to have prevented from the growth of resistant strains in all three times. Conclusion: It has been determined that disinfectant Micros 10 made of ammonium chloride stands as first degree of quality and Sulfanidis made of poly hegza methylen bigouanid hydrochloride stands as second degree of quality with respect to proper antibacterial effect for the purpose of disinfecting. Key words: Disinfectant, antiseptic, Staphylococcus auras,Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

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Abstract Background and Objectives: Erythrocyte indices are helpful for monitoring the erythrocyte synthesis and liver condition. The pesticide factories’ staff are being exposed to poisoning. This article aims to evaluate the effect of pesticides on blood indices of subjects which are exposed to organophosphate toxins. Material and Methods: This cohort study was conducted on the 63 employees of a pesticide factory In Gorgan.Iran (2005). We performed a two-step Sampling, The beginning of working season and three months later. Then, data analysis was carried out (p<0.05). Results: The difference between the mean of MCV in phase one (82.8 ± 7.1 fl) and phase two (80.3 ± 6.7) is Significant (p<0.001). The increase of Erythrocyte, hemoglobin, HCT, and MCHC in the second phase was statistically meaningful. There is not any significant relation between the work place, Record of Services and red blood cell indices. Conclusion: In regard to the changes in hematologic indices in a threemonth period, it seems logical to set up a program to have a routine check on the hematologic indices in people engaging in such occupations Key words: Pesticide, organophosphate toxins, hematologic indices, MCV, hemoglobin, hematocrit.

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Abstract Background and Objectives: Incidents related to electromagnetic interference with medical devices have been reported over the past decades. It has also been indicated that the microwave radiation emitted from mobile phones interferes with the operation of medical devices therefore, this study aimed at testing the interference by GSM mobile phones with cell counters. Material and Methods: We did this experimental Study on thirty-two heparinized blood samples of 32 healthy individuals Selected randomly. The Cell Counting was Carried out in the presence of Electro magnetic field produced by three Cell phones with different levels of SAR (Low, intermediate and High) and without being in electromagnetic field. Statistical tests were used to analyze the data (p<0.05). Results: Microwave radiation emitted from cell phones, regardless of their SAR, interferes with the proper operation of cell Counter. This interference leads to false Counting. Conclusion: As mobile phones emit microwave radiation in an isotropic manner, keeping mobile phones at a safe distance, 15cm, from medical equipments will be necessary. These observations confirm the need for some restrictions of mobile phone use in hospitals and medical laboratories. Key words: Interference, Cell Counters, Mobile Phone, Microwave Radiation

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Abstract Background and objectives: A major problem for labs. esp. medico legal centers is drug test false positive and negative results. Using carbon paper, sodium bicarbonate or oral contraceptive pills (OCP) are common among addict people to make the results negative. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the effect of carbon paper, sodium bicarbonate or OCP on morphine urine test. Material and Methods: We performed this pre-experimental study on the urine samples of all people referred to narcotic drug laboratory of Markazi province during May of 2005. Of 2110 urine samples, the Morphine Rapid Test of 208 samples was positive. Then by means of TLC method, we confirmed the presence of morphine metabolites in 150 urine samples. After that, we divided these samples into three equal groups for adding carbon paper, sodium bicarbonate or OCP. Results: The results show that in carbon paper group, 41 cases are positive and nine cases unclear. In sodium bicarbonate group, 45 samples are positive and 5 cases unclear. In estrogen conjugate group, all 50 samples are positive. Conclusion: According to this study, adding carbon paper, sodium bicarbonate or oral contraceptive pills cannot make negative the Morphine Rapid Test result. Key words: Morphine Rapid Test, Carbon paper, Sodium bicarbonate, Oral contraceptive pill.

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Abstract Background and objectives: Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) are the three main agents of Communicable disorders transmitted by blood transfusion. The survey of these virus-caused infections in Blood donors can display epidemiology of infections in province and be useful for evaluating donors’ health. The aim of this study was serologic Study of infections caused by HBV, HCV and HIV in Blood donors of Golestan province, Iran. Material and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on all files of blood donors, referred to Golestan Blood transfusion Services, with positive Lab results. We assess the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV, and demographic data of blood donors and analyzed the data by chi-square, using SPSS soft ware. Results: During 2006-2008, 128198 people have donated in Golestan province. The prevalence of HBV during 2006-2008 is respectively 1.25%, 0.95% and 0.11% HCV is 14%, 13% and of HIV is 0.0015 %( just 2 cases in 2007). The prevalence of HBV, HIV and HCV is higher in male, married and donors with high school diploma. Also the prevalence of HIV, HCV and HBV is lower in regular donors rather the first time donors. Conclusion: It seems that the prevalence of HBV and HCV is decreased during three years. This decrease can be due to physician’s supervision for selecting healthy donor and availability of donors’ medical record. Key words: Golestan Province, HIV, HCV, HBV, demographic,prevalence

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Abstract Background and objectives: Colonization of nasopharynx by Streptococcus Pneumoniae can lead to pneumococcal disease. This study was performed to determine the carriage rate of nasopharyngeal S.pneumoniae in adolescents and their antibiotic susceptibility and serotype prevalence in Zahedan, Iran Material and Methods: Nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained from 865 adolescents aged 10-19 years old of eight schools in Zahedan and then assessed by standard procedures to isolate S. Pneumoniae. The serotyping was carried out by latex agglutination test, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin, as well as other commonly used antibiotics, was determined by a broth-dilution method. Results: Pneumococci were Isolated from 15.7% [136/865, 95% confidence interval (CI) 12.3-18.9] of total samples. Of 136 samples, 119 isolates are typified by the available antisera which the most frequent ones are 1, 19A, 15C, 9V, 11A and 19F. Ninthythree pneumococcal isolates are sensitive to penicillin. The MIC values of antibiotics tested are (μg/ml): penicillin 0.01-4, cefotaxime 0.01-4, ceftriaxone 0.02-128, chloramphenicol 0.08-32, ciprofloxacin 0.06-16, erythromycin 0.01-128, tetracycline 0.08- 128 and vancomycin 0.02-1. Conclusion: A clear diversity is seen in the serotype distribution of the S. Pneumoniae isolates and most of the antibiotic resistant strains belonge to a few serotypes. Healthy adolescents in Zahedan commonly show pneumococcal carriage and antibiotic resistance. Keywords: Streptococcus Pneumoniae, nasopharyngeal carriage, penicillin resistance, serotype

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Bachground and objectives: Hospital surfaces can serve as reservoirs of potential pathogen bacteria. Staff hands are the most important source of transmission in hospital. The prevalence of β–lactamase producer bacteria in staff hands and hospital surfaces, increase antibiotic resistance nosocomial infection. The aim of this study was to survey the spread of beta-lactam resistance Staphylococcus sp. in Al-zahar hospital in Isfahan. Material and Methods: The research was carried out during 2005-2007 years in Al-zahra hospital in Isfahan. Overall, 274 samples (194 strains from surface and 80 strains from staff hands).The surface samples collected by using swab in Nutrient Broth (NB) and staff hand samples collected using Finger Print method. Bacterial identification was performed by Bacteriological methods, β–lactamase production by acidimetric method and antibiogram pattern by Kirby Bauer method. Results: Of 194 strains isolated from hospital surfaces, 105 (53.7%) strains, and of 80 strains isolated from staff hands, 28 (35%) are related to Staphylococcus sp. According to acidimetric test, 79.8% of S.aureus strains and 68.55% of S.epidermidis strains produce β-lactamase. Conclusion: Results show high frequency of antibiotic resistance and β– lactamase producer Staphylococcus sp. on staff hands and hospital surfaces. Reduction of bacteria in these sources is the most important manner to control transfer of virulence agents in bacteria and create of antibioticresistant strains. Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, β– lactamase, Antibiotic-resistant, Hospital surfaces, staff hands.

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Abstract Background and objectives: Microbial, physical and chemical properties of drinking water, considering type and quantity of the drinking water, are the factors for determining the acceptability of water. The effect of each of the above components on increasing the quality of water or threatening the health of consumers is also considerable. We aimed to investigate the trace amounts of microbial, physical and chemical parameters of drinking water in Gorgan, comparing to national and international standard. Material and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 50 samples were taken, per month, from four pilot stations in urban water network of Gorgan during one year (2009- 2010). We used instant sampling and performed Enumeration of Coliforms in water culture with most probable number (MPN).Samples taken from the stations during the month were investigated in two general categories of device test and heading-meter. All experiments were performed using standard reference method. Results: of 598 water samples 551 (92.2%) have not Coliforms, 47 (7.8%) contain Coliforms and 16 (2.7%) of them have thermo-tolerant Coliforms. Mean water hardness is 413mg/L, base on carbonate calcium. The amount of fluoride about 0.35 mg and the residual chlorine about 0.6 mg is less than national standard amount. Conclusion: The results show that Gorgan water network is, in view of microbial contamination, safe during almost all days. All the tested samples in terms of physical and chemical parameters are in the range of nation and international standards. Hardness of drinking water of Gorgan is one of the highest. Key words: Bacteriological, Physiochemical, Drinking Water, Gorgan.

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Abstract Background and objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important etiological agents of hospital and community acquired infections. The enterotoxins and toxin shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) are among the most common virulent determinants of this bacterium. They are also well-known for their super-antigenic properties. The incidence of TSST-1 producing strains is also very alarming. The aim of this investigation was to survey the prevalence of TSST-1 gene in the clinical isolates of S. aureus recovered from hospitalized patients in Shohada hospital of Tabriz, Iran. Material and Methods: During one year period, 1454 specimens obtained from hospitalized patients were investigated. After doing Isolation and purification, the isolates were identified by routine bacteriological methodologies.Their antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined by agar disk diffusion method. Following genomic DNA extraction by boiling method, the presence of TSST-1 gene was analyzed by PCR. Results: A total 100 S. aureus isolates were recovered (6.87%). Antibiogram results indicate that all of the isolates are sensitive to linzolid 83% of them are resistant to meticillin. The prevalence rate of TSST-1 gene in the isolates is 20%. Conclusion: The high prevalence of TSST-1 gene in studied S. aureus strains and their circulation in the community can have a potentially alarming effect on general health of community. Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, TSST-1, Antibiotic resistance, PCR

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Abstract: Background and objectives: There is a great interest in photocatalytic oxidation of contaminants, using ZnO, in recent years. The main objective of this research was to study photocatalytic disinfection of E. coli bacteria as water microbial pollution index, using nano particles of ZnO and a UV lamp in a batch reactor. Material and Methods: In this study, the contaminated water sample was prepared through adding 102 and 103 E. coli bacteria per ml of raw water. The contaminated water entered the photocatalytic oxidation reactor and removal efficiency of E. coli bacteria in different conditions were studied, including pH (5.5, 7, and 9), time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mins), dose of nano particles ZnO (0.2,0.4,0.8 and 1 gr/l), number of bacterium (102 and 103 per milliliter) and voltage of UV-C lamp, 27 volts. Characterizations of ZnO nanoparticles were determined using scanning electron microscope equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) system and X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. Results: Photocatalytic process efficiency is enhanced by increasing reaction time and dose of nano particles ZnO in the presence of UV lamp irradiation. The results show that the best conditions for removal of 102 and 103 bacteria per milliliter are obtained from condition including pH of 7, reaction time of 30 mins, 0.8 gr/l doses of nano particles ZnO and 27-volt-UV lamp. Conclusion: The results indicate that the increase of reaction time and dose of nano particles ZnO, in the presence of radiation UV lamp, have the most significant effect on photocatalytic efficiency. Based on the results, photocatalytic can be promising method for removal of E. coli bacterium from drinking water. Keywords: Photocatalytic, E. coli, irradiation UV, ZnO nanoparticles, water treatment

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Abstract Background and objectives: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway. G6PD deficiency (an X-linked recessive hereditary disease) is an inherited condition affecting approximately 3% of the people globally. This deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia and jaundice in neonates. The goal of this study is to detect the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in neonates referred to Semnan province screening lab Material and Methods: This cross sectional study, from 2007 to 2010, was conducted on the basis of country planned program and in line with neonatal screening tests. Blood samples were taken from the heels of 3-5 day neonates. Assessment of G6PD was done by rapid fluorescent spot test. The Prevalence of G6PD deficiency in boys and girls was compared by chi square (p<0.05(test. Results: Of 9353 newborns referred to semnan province screening Lab., 4820(51.53%) are males and 4533(48.47%) females. Three hundred (3.2%) of them suffer from G6PD deficiency. Of these, 263 (5.45%) are males and 37 (0.81%) females. The ratio of male to female is 7 to 1. Conclusion: The prevalence of G6PD deficiency is detected 3.2% in Semnan province and its frequency in boys is more than that of girls, which is expected. Key words: Glucose -6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Neonatal screening, Fauvism

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Abstract Background and objectives: Genomic DNA extraction of bacterial cells is of processes performed normally in most biological laboratories therefore, various methods have been offered, manually and kit, which may be time consuming and costly. In this paper, genomic DNA extraction of Staphylococcus aureus was investigated using some laundry detergent brands available in Iran to achieve a rapid and cost effective method. Material and Methods: five-enzyme Taj brand, three-enzyme Saftlan brand ,and Darya and Pak brands without enzyme were used in the concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80 mg/L. Afterwards, in order to evaluate the efficiency of extracted DNA in downstream processing, PCR test was performed for femA gene in the genome of Staphylococcus aureus. Results: DNA extraction using different concentrations of the brands show that extracted DNA using 40 mg/L Saftlan and Taj brand powders have the best results according concentration (µg/ml) and purity (A260/A280) parameters. These parameters are 387.5 1.88 (Taj), 254.1 2.80 (Softlan), 396.6 1.95 (Manual) and 423.3 2.2 (Kit), respectively. Afterward, the PCR test results by show that DNA extraction using laundry detergents has no effect on its efficiency in order to be used in downstream processes. Conclusion: These results indicate that the proper concentrations of laundry detergents can be used to extract genomic DNA with similar efficiency to kit and manual extraction methods. Key words: Bacterial genome, DNA extraction, laundry powder, PCR, Staphylococcus aureus

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Abstract Background and objectives: Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is one of the most common reproductive disorders, generally considered to be the loss of three or more pregnancies before viability. One of the causes of this disorder is the immunological factors such as autoantibodies associated with anti-phospholipid syndrome. Material and Methods: this case-control study was conducted on 80 pregnant women divided into two equal groups of healthy and RM women in Gorgan. The subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire and examined by a gynecologist to distinguish their condition, healthy or RM. The blood samples were kept at -20c and assessed by both ELISA 96 and automated ELISA processor with single dose ready-to-use test to measure β2GP1 autoantibodies of IgM and IgG. Results: the results indicate that % 7.5 of RM patients are seropositive for Anti-β2GP1 IgG, and % 5 for Anti-β2GP1 IgM , but in healthy pregnants , % 7.5 are seropositive for Anti-β2GP IgG , and %7.5 for Anti-β2GP1 IgM. Family history of abortion in RM group (33.5%) is significantly higher than healthy one (17.5%). Conclusion: based on the results, the difference between the level of Anti-β2GP1 IgM and Anti-β2GP IgG in case and control groups is not significant, but the production of this autoantibody is associated with pregnancy. Key words: Autoantibody, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Recurrent Miscarriage

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Abstract Background and objectives: the increasing use of antibiotics, especially the third generation cephalosporins, is an important factor in the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The main reason for the development of resistance phenotype such as Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamas (ESBL) is the extensive use of broad-spectrum cephalosporins. In phenotypic survey, the Phenotyping confirmatory test and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) are used. In this study, the prevalence of the isolates resistant to third generation cephalosporin (cefotaxime) was determined based on MIC. Material and Methods: form September 2010 to September 2011, 75 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were collected from the infections of inpatients and outpatients, referred to state and private laboratories of Gorgan. For all of the Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, MIC determination using E-test (company Liofilcheme-Italy) was performed. Results: According to the MIC results, 26 samples (34.6%) are resistant to cefotaxime 22 isolates are completely resistant to concentration of 256μg. Conclusion: Because of the importance of risk of becoming ESBL, further studies are needed to clarify the ESBL in the region. Keywords: ESBL, MIC, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Cephalosporin